The New Saudi Arms Deal – Cordesman

August 27, 2010

Editor’s Note:

This week Anthony Cordesman, Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS, put forward a report on the “New Saudi Arms Deal.” In it he clearly lays out the factors shaping U.S. strategy in the Gulf, puts the U.S. arms sales to the Gulf states in context and provides details about the $50 billion package on the table with Saudi Arabia.

Last month SUSRIS talked with Dr. Cordesman about the state of the Iranian nuclear challenge in an exclusive interview called “Nuclear Reality in the Gulf.” We covered the UN sanctions, Saudi perspectives, American courses of action and regional consequences. We also were treated to a preview of his new book on the strategic partnership with Iraq.

Anthony H. Cordesman

The New Saudi Arms Deal: Serving Vital US Security Interests
Anthony H. Cordesman
August 24, 2010

One of the most critical strategic decisions the US will have to make over the next few years is how to reshape its security posture in the Gulf and the Middle East as it fully withdraws from Iraq. There is no possible “end state” to the US presence in the Gulf, or an end to the need for the strongest possible US security ties to friendly states in the region.

The Emerging Strategic Realities in the Gulf

The US may face a climate of great uncertainty in shaping some aspects of it security posture in the region, but some factors remain clear:

  • Iran remains an emerging challenge deeply involved in strategic competition with the US and its friends and allies in the region.
  • As General Petraeus and others have explained, the war against terrorism and extremism in going to be a long war that is likely to go on for the next 10-20 years. The Gulf region is going to be one of the centers of this conflict. Al, Qa’ida is not suddenly going away and new organizations are certain to emerge. Nations like Yemen and Somalia present serious long-term risks of becoming centers of terrorist activity.
  • Regardless of the outcome of Iraq’s effort to forge a new government, it will not become a major regional military power again for at least a decade. If the US is to have any major strategic partner in the Gulf, it is going to be Saudi Arabia.
  • US politicians can posture about reducing US strategic dependence on oil imports, but nothing the President or Congress has done to date will have a major impact before 2035 – the last year in which the US Department of Energy makes meaningful projections. The Department’s Annual Energy Outlook for 2010 estimates that even under very favorable assumptions about the growth of alternative liquids, the US will still be dependent on imports for roughly 40% of its liquid fuels in 2035 – roughly the same percentage as in 1990. These figures do not include additional indirect imports in the form of heavy manufactures. Moreover, the US will have to pay the same world prices for oil as all other importing states if there is a crisis or war in the Gulf. In fact the overall global economy (and indirectly every job in America) will increase its dependence on energy liquids from the Gulf from 28% in 2008 to 31% in 2035 in spite of the same favorable projections about world-wide production of new energy liquids.
  • The US faces growing pressures to limit its military spending and commitments, and has steadily increasing needs for regional allies with strong and interoperable forces to deter and contain regional threats and fight alongside US forces if necessary.
  • It may or may not be possible to move forward quickly in an Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement, but it is vital to minimize the tensions between our Arab allies and Israel. King Abdullah’s peace plan may differ sharply with Israel’s position, but it shows that the US can sell arms to Saudi Arabia with minimal risk of this impacting on Israel’s security – in fact, strong US security ties to Saudi Arabia offer Israel a far better alternative than Saudi Arabia turning to European or other suppliers and questioning US support if it faces a crisis with Iran.
  • If the US is to deter other regional states from proliferation in reaction to Iran, and make its statements about offering “extended regional deterrence” a credible option, it must show it will do its best to create effective regional partners in the Southern Gulf, as well as try to build a strategic partnership with Iraq.
  • At the same time, neither the US nor its Gulf allies have any reason to seek open confrontation with Iraq. This is particularly true of the Gulf States. “Speak softly and carry a big stick” may not be an old Arab proverb, but Arab leaders have long practiced this with considerable success.

The US can still count on some support from allies like Britain and France, but the fact remains that it will need its friends and allies in the Gulf even more. The same forces that have made the US and Saudi Arabia key de facto partners in Gulf security will become even more important in the future.

New US Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia

The US has already made progress in these areas. It has long been a major supplier to the Gulf Cooperation Council states, and has already sold Saudi Arabia the E-2A AWACS surveillance aircraft, Sikorsky’s UH-60 Black Hawks, Raytheon-built Patriot and Hawk missile defense systems, and General Dynamics’ M1A2 tanks. It has worked with the GCC states in joint exercises, and has quietly developed a high level of cooperation in counterterrorism. It has worked with these states in developing counters to Iran’s steadily increasing capabilities for naval asymmetric warfare, and operations against offshore and coastal targets, and is steadily upgrading the air defense forces of many GCC state to provide missile defense capabilities.

It also has worked with its Gulf allies to develop long-term procurement plans that will improve their capabilities, limit the credibility of any Iranian threats of intimidation, help defend themselves against terrorist or extremist attacks, and fight along side the US against any escalation to large-scale conflict. New US arms sales to Saudi Arabia are part of this effort, although major additional sales are underway or planned for key states like Kuwait and the UAE, and the US works closely with Bahrain, Oman, and Qatar and has bases or contingency bases in these countries.

The Department of Defense has not yet notified Congress of all of the details of a major new arms sale to Saudi Arabia, but it is clear that this sale could have an direct value well in excess of $50 billion, and mean maintaining a de facto military partnership with Saudi Arabia for at least the next decade. In fact, it means the Saudi Air Force will remain critically dependent on US military and contractor support. According to press reports from Bloomberg News and the Wall Street Journal, and work by the WINEP, the sale will include:

  • 84 new Boeing F-15 combat aircraft, virtually ensuring Saudi air superiority over Iran for the next decade, as well as a far higher level of interoperability with US air forces. The radar equipment on these aircraft is yet to be announced, but it may give the Saudi Air Force far more capability to deal with the kind of small, dispersed target sets that match Iran’s development of dispersed elements of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps and the threats posed by its focus on asymmetric warfare.
  • Refurbishing and upgrading 70 existing Saudi F-15S strike aircraft that will help achieve the same objectives.
  • New air munitions, probably including air to surface missiles with the same precision and ability to fire from outside the range of Iranian air defenses as those used by the US Air Force.
  • Up to 60 AH-64D Longbow Apache attack helicopters, and upgrades to 12 existing AH-64As that can be used to deal with threats in areas like the Yemeni border, defend coastal and offshore targets, and counter internal threats from any major terrorist attack.
  • 72 UH-60 helicopters, in addition to the 22 UH-60s now in Saudi forces, greatly enhancing Saudi air mobility and capability to react to any major threat in the Gulf or on its borders.
  • Upgrades to Saudi Arabia’s Patriot PAC 2 missile forces that will improve both air defense against any Iranian air threat and begin to give Saudi Arabia meaningful missile defense capability against a growing Iranian missile threat.
  • A mix of new patrol ships like the Littoral Combat Ship and other naval weapons that will help defend Saudi coastal waters and offshore facilities, and deal with the major emerging threat from the naval branch of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards.

Massive as these arms transfers may seem, they will occur over at least a five-year period. They are also linked to a list of ongoing US arms sales to Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States that will give them a significant “edge” in air superiority against Iran, help protect their borders and coasts against other states, and assist in countering any serious terrorist attacks.

They are sales that will help secure the flow of energy exports to the global economy and help limit oil prices; they reinforce deterrence rather than threaten it; and they all reduce the size of the force the US must deploy or be ready to project into the region. They will also help ensure the US strategic position in the region at a time when other powers like China are becoming key players in global energy, and when recycling “petrodollars” is even more important than in the past.

Related Items from the Burke Chair

A series of four briefings by the Burke Chair – entitled Saudi National Security and the Saudi-US Strategic Partnership –addresses these issues, as well as the overall trends in regional security. These briefings are available on the CSIS web site, and each has a different focus:

For a more detailed discussion of Saudi national security policies, the Gulf balance, and US and Saudi security cooperation, see Anthony H. Cordesman, Saudi Arabia, National Security in a Troubled Region, Praeger, Washington, 2009 CLICK HERE

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Anthony H. Cordesman

About Anthony H. Cordesman

Anthony H. Cordesman holds the Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS and acts as a national security analyst for ABC News. He is a recipient of the Department of Defense Distinguished Service Medal. During his time at CSIS, he has completed a wide variety of studies on energy, U.S. strategy and defense plans, the lessons of modern war, defense programming and budgeting, NATO modernization, Chinese military power, the lessons of modern warfare, proliferation, counterterrorism, armed nation building, the security of the Middle East, and the Afghan and Iraq conflicts. (Many of these studies can be downloaded from the Burke Chair section of the CSIS Web site at http://www.csis.org/program/burke-chair-strategy.) Cordesman has directed numerous CSIS study efforts on terrorism, energy, defense panning, modern conflicts, and the Middle East. He has traveled frequently to Afghanistan and Iraq to consult for MNF-I, ISAF, U.S. commands, and U.S. embassies on the wars in those countries, and he was a member of the Strategic Assessment Group that assisted General Stanley McChrystal in developing a new strategic for Afghanistan in 2009. He frequently acts as a consultant to the U.S. State Department, Defense Department, and intelligence community and has worked with U.S. officials on counteterrorism and security areas in a number of Middle East countries.

Before joining CSIS, Cordesman served as director of intelligence assessment in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and as civilian assistant to the deputy secretary of defense. He directed the analysis of the lessons of the October War for the secretary of defense in 1974, coordinating the U.S. military, intelligence, and civilian analysis of the conflict. He also served in numerous other government positions, including in the State Department and on NATO International Staff. In addition, he served as director of policy and planning for resource applications in the Energy Department and as national security assistant to Senator John McCain. He had numerous foreign assignments, including posts in the United Kingdom, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iran, as well as with NATO in Brussels and Paris. He has worked extensively in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf.

He is the author of a wide range of studies on energy policy, national security, and the Middle East, and his most recent publications include (CSIS, 2010), Iraq and the United States: Creating a Strategic Partnership (CSIS, 2010), Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region (Praeger, 2009), Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Birth of a Regional Nuclear Arms Race? (Praeger, 2009), Withdrawal from Iraq: Assessing the Readiness of Iraqi Security Forces (CSIS, 2009), and Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces (CSIS, 2009).

Source: CSIS

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Full List of Anthony Cordesman’s Publications (Source: CSIS) [LINK HERE]

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Articles and Interviews on SUSRIS by and with Anthony Cordesman

[GulfWire Articles are being added to SUSRIS. Please check Dr. Cordesman's SUSRIS page for updates.]

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